Development and Single Laboratory Evaluation of a Refined and specific Real-time PCR Detection Method, Using Mitochondrial Primers (Mit1C), for the Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in ProduceKannan V. Balan - 2023
AbstractRegulatory methods for detection of the foodborne protozoan parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis must be specific and sensitive. To that end, we designed and evaluated (in a single laboratory validation) a novel and improved primer/probe combination (Mit1C) for real-time PCR detection of C. cayetanensis in produce. The newly developed primer/probe combination targets a conserved region of the mitochondrial genome of C. cayetanensis that varies in other closely related organisms. The primer/probe combination was evaluated both in silico and using several real-time PCR kits and polymerases against an inclusivity/exclusivity panel comprised of a variety of C. cayetanensis oocysts, as well as DNA from other related Cyclospora spp. and closely related parasites. The new primer/probe combination amplified only C. cayetanensis, thus demonstrating specificity. Sensitivity was evaluated by artificially contaminating cilantro, raspberries, and romaine lettuce with variable numbers (200 and 5) of C. cayetanensis oocysts. As few as 5 oocysts were detected in 75%, 67.7%, and 50% of the spiked produce samples (cilantro, raspberries, and romaine lettuce), respectively, all uninoculated samples and no-template real-time PCR controls were negative. The improved primer/probe combination should prove an effective analytical tool for the specific detection of C. cayetanensis in produce.
Development and single laboratory evaluation of a refined and specific real-time PCR detection method, using mitochondrial primers (Mit1C), for the detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in produceKannan Balan - 2023
AbstractRegulatory methods for detection of the foodborne protozoan parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis must be specific and sensitive. To that end, we designed and evaluated (in a single laboratory validation) a novel and improved primer/probe combination (Mit1C) for real-time PCR detection of C. cayetanensis in produce. The newly developed primer/probe combination targets a conserved region of the mitochondrial genome of C. cayetanensis that varies in other closely related organisms. The primer/probe combination was evaluated both in silico and using several real-time PCR kits and polymerases against an inclusivity/exclusivity panel comprised of a variety of C. cayetanensis oocysts, as well as DNA from other related Cyclospora spp. and closely related parasites. The new primer/probe combination amplified only C. cayetanensis, thus demonstrating specificity. Sensitivity was evaluated by artificially contaminating cilantro, raspberries, and romaine lettuce with variable numbers (200 and 5) of C. cayetanensis oocysts. As few as 5 oocysts were detected in 75%, 67.7%, and 50% of the spiked produce samples (cilantro, raspberries, and romaine lettuce), respectively. All uninoculated samples and no-template real-time PCR controls were negative. The improved primer/probe combination should prove an effective analytical tool for the specific detection of C. cayetanensis in produce.
Absolute quantitative detection of genetically modified soybean MON87708×MON89788 with stacked traits by digital polymerase chain reactionJunyi Xu - 2022
AbstractThe main advantage of digital PCR (dPCR) is that it facilitates absolute quantification of the target without reference to the standard/calibration curve. Crystal droplet dPCR has a three-color staining detection function, which enables multiplex PCR reaction. In this study, this technique was used to establish triple dPCR detection for the genetically modified soybean MON87708×MON89788 with stacked traits. Specific absolute quantitative detection was accomplished for the genomic DNA extracted from the homogenized seeds of GM stack MON87708×MON89788 soybean. Our results can serve as a reference for the absolute quantitative detection of stacked events of genetically modified crops.
Establishment of a Cynomolgus Macaque Model of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Infection by Direct Inoculation of Adult T-Cell Leukemia Patient-Derived Cell Lines for HTLV-1 InfectionEmiko Urano - 2022
AbstractHuman T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). However, the precise mechanisms leading to HTLV-1 chronic infection and the onset of the diseases have remained unclear, and effective vaccines for inhibiting the infection and the progression of pathogenesis have therefore not been developed. The use of a nonhuman primate (NHP) model is thought to be important for revealing the mechanisms of the progressive status and for the development of prevention procedures. In this study, we developed a cynomolgus macaque (CM) model of HTLV-1 infection by direct intravenous inoculation of HTLV-1-producing cells derived from ATL patients. The cell line used for infection, ATL-040, was selected as the most infectious one in our cell line library. CMs inoculated intravenously with 1 108 ATL-040 cells per animal became persistently infected with HTLV-1, as shown by the HTLV-1 provirus load (PVL) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and HTLV-1-specific antibodies (2/2 animals). One CM inoculated intravenously with 1 107 ATL-040 cells did not have detectable PVLs despite the fact that anti-HTLV-1 antibodies were maintained for more than 2 years. Furthermore, immunological approaches, including CD81 T cell depletion prior to infection (3/3 animals) and intrathecal inoculation (3/3 animals), led to increased proviral loads in the cynomolgus monkeys. The present method and the cynomolgus monkey model of HTLV-1 infection will be beneficial for immunological and virological studies on HTLV-1 aiming at the development of anti-HTLV-1 prophylactic vaccines and therapy drugs.
IMPORTANCE HTLV-1 was discovered in the 1980s as the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. However, the precise mechanisms leading to HTLV-1 chronic infection and the onset of the diseases still remain unidentified. Thus, no effective vaccines to inhibit the infection and the progressive of pathogenesis have been developed. The use of appropriate animal models is essential for understanding HTLV-1 infection and pathogenesis. In order to establish a new nonhuman primate model for studies on HTLV-1 infection, cynomolgus monkeys were infected with HTLV-1 under a variety of experimental conditions. Our method, using a cell line generated from an ATL patient as a source of HTLV-1, was able to establish HTLV-1 infection in monkeys with a 100% success rate. This cynomolgus macaque model of HTLV-1 infection will contribute to the elucidation of HTLV-1 infection and its associated disease development.
Efficiency-corrected PCR quantification for identification of prevalence and load of respiratory disease-causing agents in feedlot cattleRJ Barnewall - 2022
AbstractBovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most prevalent disease in feedlot cattle worldwide with Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV1), Histophilus somni, Mannheimia haemolytica, Mycoplasma bovis, Pasteurella multocida and Trueperella pyogenes accepted to be common etiological agents associated with BRD. Although these agents are common in the upper and lower airways in clinical BRD cases, some also exist as normal flora suggesting their presence in the upper airways alone is not necessarily informative with respect to disease status or risk. To determine the relationship between presence, load and disease status, we investigated the relationship between load in the upper airways at induction and active BRD cases in feedlot cattle using efficiency-corrected PCR quantification. By this approach, we were able to accurately determine the
prevalence and load of the key BRD agents in the upper respiratory tract showing that cattle in the hospital pen had a higher prevalence, and load, of these agents both singly and in combination compared to cattle sampled at feedlot induction. A combination of agents was the most accurate indicator of BRD risk with cattle with four or more agents detected in the upper airway more likely to be undergoing treatment for BRD than non-BRD ailments. In addition, M. bovis was rarely detected at feedlot induction but was identified at high prevalence in cattle in the hospital pen. These findings present a potential new technological approach for the investigation, analysis and identification of BRD-associated viral and bacterial agents for Australian feedlot systems as well as for BRD disease management and treatment
A telomere-to-telomere gap-free reference genome of watermelon and its mutation library provide important resources for gene discovery and breedingYun Deng - 2022
AbstractWatermelon, Citrullus lanatus, is the world’s third largest fruity crop. Reference genomes with gaps and narrow genetic base hinder functional genomics and genetic improvement of watermelon. Here, we report the assembly of a telomere-to-telomere (T2T) gap-free genome of the elite watermelon inbred G42 by incorporating the high-coverage and accurate long-read sequence data with multiple assembly strategies. All 11 chromosomes have been assembled into single contig pseudomolecules without gap, representing the highest completeness and assembly quality till now. The G42 reference genome contained a total length of 369,321,829 bp and 24,205 predicted protein-coding genes, with all 22 telomeres and 11
centromeres characterized. Over 200,000 M1 seeds from inbred G42 were generated using pollen EMS mutagenesis. In a sampling pool, 48 monogenic phenotypic mutations, selected from 223 M1 and 78 M2 mutants with morphological changes, were confirmed. The average density of mutation is 1 SNP/1.69 Mb and 1 indel/4.55 Mb per M1 plant, and 1 SNP/1.08 Mb and 1 indel/6.25 Mb per M2 plant. Taking advantage of the gap-free G42 genome, 8,039 mutations from the 32 plants sampled from M1 and M2 families were identified with 100% accuracy, whereas only 25% of the randomly selected
mutations identified using 97103v2 reference genome could be confirmed. Using this library and the gap-free genome, two genes responsible for elongated fruit shape and male sterility (ClMS1) were identified, both being caused by a single base change from G to A. The validated gap-free genome and its EMS mutation library provide invaluable resources for functional
genomics and genetic improvement of watermelon.
Molecular characterization of Xanthomonas species isolated from Araceae and the development of a triplex TaqMan assay for detection of Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. dieffenbachiaeJan van der Wolf - 2022
AbstractIn total 58 Xanthomonas strains isolated from Araceae worldwide, together with 13 other phylogenetically-related Xanthomonas strains, were characterized using multilocus sequence analysis based on concatenated sequences of seven single copy orthologous genes, extracted from whole genome sequences. The analysis revealed a monophyletic clade of 48 strains, 44 isolated from Anthurium, identified as X. phaseoli pv. dieffenbachiae (Xpd) confirmed by nucleotide identity analysis. The other strains from aroids were identified as Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (2 strains), X citri (5 strains) and Xanthomonas sacchari (3 strains). Two TaqMan assays were designed for specific detection of Xpd, one targeting sequences of a hypothetical protein and one targeting a type I restriction endonuclease subunit S. The two assays showed similar reaction kinetics and were merged with an assay comprising an amplification and extraction control into a triplex assay. The assay was able to detect minimally 100 copies of a target sequence delivered as a gBlock, 100 fg of genomic DNA and 104 cells per mL in an Anthurium leaf extract.
Variable Legionella Response to Building Occupancy Patterns and Precautionary FlushingWilliam J. Rhoads - 2022
AbstractWhen stay-at-home orders were issued to slow the spread of COVID-19, building occupancy (and water demand) was drastically decreased in many buildings. There was concern that widespread low water demand may cause unprecedented Legionella occurrence and Legionnaires’ disease incidence. In lieu of evidenced-based guidance, many people flushed their water systems as a preventative measure, using highly variable practices. Here, we present field-scale research from a building before, during, and after periods of low occupancy, and controlled stagnation experiments. We document no change, a > 4-log increase, and a > 1.5-log decrease of L. pneumophila during 3- to 7-week periods of low water demand. L. pneumophila increased by > 1-log after precautionary flushing prior to reoccupancy, which was repeated in controlled boiler flushing experiments. These results demonstrate that the impact of low water demand (colloquially called stagnation) is not as straight forward as is generally assumed, and that some flushing practices have potential unintended consequences. In particular, stagnation must be considered in context with other Legionella growth factors like temperature and flow profiles. Boiler flushing practices that dramatically increase the flow rate and rapidly deplete boiler temperature may mobilize Legionella present in biofilms and sediment.
Challenging the “gold standard” of colony-forming units - Validation of a multiplex real-time PCR for quantification of viable Campylobacter spp. in meat rinsesKerstin Stingl - 2022
AbstractCampylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial food-borne pathogen in Europe. Despite the accepted limits of cultural detection of the fastidious bacterium, the “gold standard” in food microbiology is still the determination of colony-forming units (CFU). As an alternative, a live/dead differentiating qPCR has been established, using propidium monoazide (PMA) as DNA-intercalating crosslink agent for inactivating DNA from dead, membrane-compromised cells. The PMA treatment was combined with the addition of an internal sample process control (ISPC), i.e. a known number of dead C. sputorum cells to the samples. The ISPC enables i), monitoring the effective reduction of dead cell signal by the light-activated DNA-intercalating dye PMA, and ii), compensation for potential DNA losses during processing. Here, we optimized the method for routine application and performed a full validation of the method according to ISO 16140-2:2016(E) for the quantification of live thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in meat rinses against the classical enumeration method ISO 10272-2:2017. In order to render the method applicable and cost-effective for practical application, the ISPC was lyophilized to be distributable to routine laboratories. In addition, a triplex qPCR was established to simultaneously quantify thermophilic Campylobacter, the ISPC and an internal amplification control (IAC). Its performance was statistically similar to the two duplex qPCRs up to a contamination level of 4.7 log10 Campylobacter per ml of meat rinse. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of the alternative method was around 20 genomic equivalents per PCR reaction, i.e. 2.3 log10 live Campylobacter per ml of sample. The alternative method passed a relative trueness study, confirming the robustness against different meat rinses, and displayed sufficient accuracy within the limits set in ISO 16140-2:2016(E). Finally, the method was validated in an interlaboratory ring trial, confirming that the alternative method was fit for purpose with a tendency of improved repeatability and reproducibility compared to the reference method for CFU determination.
Campylobacter served as a model organism, challenging CFU as “gold standard” and could help in guidance to the general acceptance of live/dead differentiating qPCR methods for the detection of food-borne pathogens.
QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF METHODS FOR BACTERIAL AND VIRAL PURIFICATION AND CONCENTRATIONNina Sara Fraticelli-Guzmán - 2021
AbstractThe COVID-19 global pandemic has led to the exploration and implementation of rapid tests for viral load identification and thus, control of the spread. For this, there are varying approaches with the gold standard being quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction [1]and a potential more rapid alternate approach being the use of an antibody coated biosensor such as a field effect transistor (FET). Analogously, bacterial pathogens such as anthrax need sensing and quantification as well. Therefore, methods for pathogen collection and detection for both viruses and bacteria are needed.
Regardless of the analysis technique, it is ideal for samples to contain little to zero non-target particles or contaminants that might interfere with the detection approach. As such, traditional ways of purifying and concentrating samples prior to any type of analysis involve both chemical, physical, physiochemical, or biological approaches such as filtration, centrifugation, affinity chromatography, immunomagnetic separation, etc. Of these, we will focus on the physical approach, filtration, due to its simplicity, low cost, varying options, and ability to process large and small sample volumes. In this work, we investigate how well the method works for virus or bacteria in the presence of high interferent concentrations that could potentially be present in saliva samples or other hydrosol samples taken from an environment to be tested. The research presented here characterizes the applicability of syringe filters and a tangential flow filtration device for the purification and concentration of bacteria and virus samples, respectively. Furthermore, automation of such systems was explored.
Varying syringe filter pore sizes yielded different recoveries of bacteria for purifying and concentrating the sample. Furthermore, varying volumes were analyzed for xviii optimal recovery and concentration of the target. We also developed a fully automated method for double filter filtration to enable hands-free purification and concentration in 5.5 minutes for 5 mL of input volume with a 42 ± 13-fold enrichment improvement (n = 3). Furthermore, the purification and concentration of virus using a manually operated tangential flow filtration device was also explored and yielded modest concentration increases of around 2× with an enrichment improvement of up to 1,916 ± 1,839-fold (n = 3) under one configuration. By characterizing and automating these readily available items, we can enhance the detection of samples by decreasing labor time and processing complexity required for the purification and concentration of the target pathogens.
Improving Soil Quality and Potato Productivity with Manure and High-Residue Cover Crops in Eastern CanadaJudith Nyiraneza - 2021
AbstractUnder intensive low residue agricultural systems, such as those involving potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)-based systems, stagnant crop yields and declining soil health and environmental quality are common issues. This study evaluated the effects of pen-pack cow (Bos Taurus) manure application (20 Mg·ha−1) and cover crops on nitrate dynamics and soil N supply capacity, subsequent potato yield, selected soil properties, and soil-borne disease. Eight cover crops were tested and included grasses, legumes, or a mixture of legumes and grasses, with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) used as a control. Forage pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) was associated with highest dry matter. On average, red clover had 88% higher total N accumulation than the treatments mixing grasses and legumes, and the former was associated with higher soil nitrate in fall before residue incorporation and overwinter, but this was not translated into increased potato yields. Pearl millet and sorghum sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor × sorghum bicolor var. Sudanese) were associated with lower soil nitrate in comparison to red clover while being associated with higher total potato yield and lower numerical value of root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus penetrans), although this was not statistically significant at 5% probability level. Manure incorporation increased total and marketable yield by 28% and 26%, respectively, and increased soil N supply capacity by an average of 44%. Carbon dioxide released after a short incubation as a proxy of soil microbial respiration increased by an average of 27% with manure application. Our study quantified the positive effect of manure application and high-residue cover crops on soil quality and potato yield for the province of Prince Edward Island.
Detection of Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum in drain water based on concentration, enrichment and the use of a duplex TaqMan PCR testN. Sedighian - 2020
AbstractThe Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) can cause bacterial wilt in a wide variety of plant species, including a number of ornamental glasshouse crops. Recently in Europe, ornamental rose plants for the production of cut flowers and propagation materials have been strongly affected by Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum, phylotype I, biovar 3. To test for the presence of the pathogen in the glasshouse, sampling of water from a drainage gutter or well may be an efficient strategy since it is known that RSSC can be released from infected root systems in the water. A protocol was developed to detect low densities of R. pseudosolanacearum in drain water collected from rose growers. Drain water was filtered through a bacterial filter, the filtrate was collected and target bacteria enriched for 48 h in Semi-selective Medium South Africa (SMSA) broth supplemented with sterilized tomato plant extracts. DNA extracted from the enrichment broth was analysed using a TaqMan test in a duplex format, based on specific egl sequences of RSSC and the use of an extraction and amplification control. The optimized protocol had a detection level of ≤1–10 colony forming units of R. pseudosolanacearum in drain water.
Sensitive, quantitative detection of Besnoitia darlingi and related parasites in intermediate hosts and to assess felids as definitive hosts for known and as-yet undescribed related parasite speciesGereon Schares - 2020
AbstractBesnoitia darlingi, B. neotomofelis and B. oryctofelisi are closely related coccidian parasites with cats as definitive hosts. While B. darlingi uses opossums as intermediate hosts, B. neotomofelis and B. oryctofelisi have been described in Southern Plains woodrats (Neotoma micropus) from the USA and in domestic rabbits from Argentina, respectively. A comparison of the Internal Transcribed Spacer-1 (ITS-1) region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) of these Besnoitia spp. showed only a few differences. The present study aimed at developing a real-time PCR to detect B. darlingi, B. neotomofelis and B. oryctofelisi in tissues of intermediate and in faeces of definitive hosts in order to support studies of these organisms’ epidemiology and pathogenesis.
The established PCR was based on primer regions distinct from the ITS-1 sequences of ungulate Besnoitia spp. and made use of a Besnoitia universal probe. To monitor inhibition, a heterologous internal control was established based on the enhanced green fluorescent protein gene. The real-time PCR reacted with B. darlingi, B. neotomofelis and B. oryctofelisi, while the novel PCR did not recognize ungulate Besnoitia spp. (B. besnoiti, B. bennetti, B. tarandi). DNA of Apicomplexa ascribed to other Besnoitia-related genera, including other gut parasites of cats (Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis, Tritrichomonas foetus), was not recognized. The real-time PCR had an analytic sensitivity of less than 1 tachyzoite per reaction. In feline faeces spiked with B. darlingi oocysts, the limit of detection was a DNA amount equivalent to 1 oocyst per PCR reaction. In B. darlingi infected ɣ-interferon knock-out mice, the lung was identified as the predilection organ. In conclusion, this real-time PCR should advance further studies on these parasites and may inspire research on related species, not only in the Americas, but also in other parts of the world.
Phenotypic characterization of genetically distinct Phytophthora cinnamomi isolates from avocadoRodger Belisle - 2018
AbstractPhytophthora cinnamomi, the causal agent of Phytophthora Root Rot (PRR), is the most destructive disease of avocado worldwide. A previous study identified two genetically distinct clades of A2 mating type avocado isolates in California, however the phenotypic variation among them was not assessed. This study described the phenotype of a subset of isolates from these groups regarding growth rate, growth temperature, virulence, and fungicide sensitivity. Isolates corresponding to the A2 clade I group exhibited higher mycelial growth rate and sensitivity to higher temperatures than other isolates. Among the fungicides tested, potassium phosphite had the highest 50% effective concentration for mycelial growth inhibition and oxathiapiprolin had the lowest. Mycelial growth rate and potassium phosphite sensitivity phenotypes correlate with specific group of isolates suggesting that these traits could be a group characteristic. Moreover, isolates that are more virulent in avocado and less sensitive to potassium phosphite were identified. A detached leaf P. cinnamomi inoculation method using Nicotiana benthamiana was developed and validated providing an alternative method for assessing the virulence of a large number of isolates. This information will help avocado PRR management and assist breeding programs for the selection of rootstocks resistant against a more diverse pathogen population.
Development of Molecular Methods to Detect Macrophomina phaseolina from Strawberry Plants and SoilAlyssa Burkhardt - 2018
AbstractMacrophomina phaseolina is a broad-host range fungus that shows some degree of host preference on strawberry, and causes symptoms including crown rot and root rot. Recently, this pathogen has impacted strawberry production as fumigation practices have changed, leaving many growers in California and around the world in need of accurate, rapid diagnostic tools for M. phaseolina in soil and infected plants. This study uses next-generation sequencing and comparative genomics to identify a locus that is unique to isolates within a main genotype shared by a majority of isolates that infect strawberry. This locus was used to develop a quantitative single-tube nested TaqMan qPCR assay which is able to quantify as little as 2-3 microsclerotia/g of soil with 100% genotype specificity. An isothermal assay using recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) was developed from the same locus and has been validated on over 200 infected strawberry plants with a diagnostic sensitivity of 93% and a diagnostic specificity of 99%, respectively. Together, this work demonstrates the value of using new approaches to identify loci for detection and provides valuable diagnostic tools that can be used to monitor soil and strawberry plant samples for M. phaseolina.
Assessment of Erysiphe necator ascospore release models for use in the Mediterranean climate of Western OregonLindsey D Thiessen - 2018
AbstractPredictive models have been developed in several major grape-growing regions to correlate environmental conditions to Erysiphe necator ascospore release; however, these models may not be broadly applicable in regions with different climatic conditions. To assess ascospore release in near-coastal regions of western Oregon, chasmothecia (syn. cleistothecia) were collected prior to leaf drop and placed onto natural and artificial grape trunk segments and overwintered outside. Ascospore release was monitored for three overwintering seasons using custom impaction spore traps from leaf drop (BBCH 97) until the onset of the disease epidemic in the following growing season. Airborne inoculum was concurrently monitored in a naturally infested research vineyard. Weather and ascospore release data were used to assess previously-developed models, and correlate environmental conditions to ascospore release. Ascospore release was predicted by all models prior to bud break (BBCH 08), and was observed from the first rain event following the start of inoculum monitoring until monitoring ceased. Previously developed models over-predicted ascospore release in the Willamette Valley and predicted exhaustion of inoculum prior to bud break. The magnitude of ascospore release could not be correlated to environmental conditions, thus a binary ascospore release model was developed where release is a function of the collective occurrence of the following factors within a 24-hour period: > 6 hours of cumulative leaf wetness during temperatures > 4 °C, precipitation > 2.5 mm, and relative humidity > 80%. The Oregon Model was validated using field collected ascospore datasets, and predicted ascospore release with 66% accuracy (P = 0.02). Extant methods for estimating ascospore release may not be sufficiently accurate to use as predictive models in wet, temperate climatic regions.
Strain-specific quantification of root colonization by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Bacillus firmus I-1582 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST713 in non-sterile soil and field conditionsHajeewaka C. Mendis - 2018
AbstractBacillus amyloliquefaciens QST713 and B. firmus I-1582 are bacterial strains which are used as active ingredients of commercially-available soil application and seed treatment products Serenade® and VOTiVO®, respectively. These bacteria colonize plant roots promoting plant growth and offering protection against pathogens/pests. The objective of this study was to develop a qPCR protocol to quantitate the dynamics of root colonization by these two strains under field conditions. Primers and TaqMan® probes were designed based on genome comparisons of the two strains with publicly-available and unpublished bacterial genomes of the same species. An optimized qPCR protocol was developed to quantify bacterial colonization of corn roots after seed treatment. Treated corn seeds were planted in non-sterile soil in the greenhouse and grown for 28 days. Specific detection of bacteria was quantified weekly, and showed stable colonization between ~104–105 CFU/g during the experimental period for both bacteria, and the protocol detected as low as 103 CFU/g bacteria on roots. In a separate experiment, streptomycin-resistant QST713 and rifampicin-resistant I-1582 strains were used to compare dilution-plating on TSA with the newly developed qPCR method. Results also indicated that the presence of natural microflora and another inoculated strain does not affect root colonization of either one of these strains. The same qPCR protocol was used to quantitate root colonization by QST713 and I-1582 in two corn and two soybean varieties grown in the field. Both bacteria were quantitated up to two weeks after seeds were planted in the field and there were no significant differences in root colonization in either bacteria strain among varieties. Results presented here confirm that the developed qPCR protocol can be successfully used to understand dynamics of root colonization by these bacteria in plants growing in growth chamber, greenhouse and the field.
Prevalence and associated risk factors of Giardia duodenalis infection among school-going children in NepalSarmila Tandukar - 2018
AbstractThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and its associated risk factors among school-going children in Kathmandu, Nepal. Between August and September 2016, a total of 333 stool samples were collected from children at five public schools. The collected samples were subjected to formol-ether concentration, followed by conventional microscopic examination for intestinal parasites. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 24.3% (81/333), with Giardia spp. showing the highest prevalence of 18.9% (63/333). Samples positive for Giardia spp. by microscopy were further subjected to quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for G. duodenalis, resulting in a positive ratio of 100%. The positive ratio of Giardia spp. was considerably high among children consuming tanker water (27.3%), jar water (21.0%), and tap water (17.5%). Our results demonstrated that G. duodenalis remains predominant in school-going children in Nepal.
